{"id":816,"date":"2019-04-23T18:19:59","date_gmt":"2019-04-23T18:19:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hestamennska.is\/?p=816"},"modified":"2019-05-20T10:27:07","modified_gmt":"2019-05-20T10:27:07","slug":"of-thjappadur-hofudburdur-heftir-hreyfingar-hests-og-ondun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/?p=816","title":{"rendered":"Of \u201e\u00fejappa\u00f0ur\u201c h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0ur heftir hreyfingar hests og \u00f6ndun"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eHestur er mj\u00f6g eftirgefanlegur \u00ed h\u00e1lsi, en sveigir h\u00e1lsinn of n\u00e6rri her\u00f0um og kemur \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00ed of dj\u00fapan h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0, e\u00f0a eins og kalla\u00f0 er fer \u00e1 bakvi\u00f0 l\u00f3\u00f0l\u00ednu. \u00deessi galli \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0i kallar \u00e1 of mikla spennu \u00ed her\u00f0um og baki, og heftir e\u00f0lilega hreyfingu her\u00f0abla\u00f0a og b\u00f3ga. Fj\u00f6\u00f0run \u00ed baki ver\u00f0ur l\u00edtil e\u00f0a engin. Baki\u00f0 of h\u00e1tt, og \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi erfitt a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra afturf\u00e6tur inn undir hestinn. Stundum blekkir svona h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0ur s\u00e9 hann ekki mj\u00f6g dj\u00fapur, \u00fe.e. knapanum finnst hann vera me\u00f0 hestinn \u00ed s\u00f6fnun, en svo er ekki.\u201c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Trausti \u00de\u00f3r Gu\u00f0mundsson<\/a><\/p>\n

Hross sem eiga vi\u00f0 \u00feessa l\u00fdsingu Trausta \u00de\u00f3rs sj\u00e1st \u00e6 oftar, jafnvel \u00ed keppni me\u00f0al bestu knapa. Hestamennsku<\/em> l\u00e9k forvitni \u00e1 a\u00f0 vita hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif sl\u00edk rei\u00f0mennska hefur \u00e1 hestinn og f\u00e9kk Au\u00f0i Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttur hestanuddara og -sj\u00fakra\u00fej\u00e1lfara til a\u00f0 fjalla um m\u00e1li\u00f0.<\/p>\n

HYOID APPARATUS –\u00a0Hyoid beini\u00f0\/tungubeini\u00f0<\/h3>\n

Tungubeinin \u00e1 hestinum eru 2 bein sem tengjast saman \u00ed eina heild og mynd Y laga str\u00faktur. Tungubeini\u00f0 tengist hnakkabeini hestsins me\u00f0 sterkum li\u00f0b\u00f6ndum og tengjast ne\u00f0ri kj\u00e1lkanum og barkak\u00fdli (larynx) hestsins. Hlutverk tungubeinsins er me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 bera \u00feunga tungunnar og vera festa fyrir v\u00f6\u00f0va og li\u00f0b\u00f6nd tungunnar, barkak\u00fdlis, h\u00e1ls og brj\u00f3stbeins. \u00cd raun hreyfist tungubeini\u00f0 afar l\u00edti\u00f0 en \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 hreyfingar tanna og kj\u00e1lka.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Tungubeini\u00f0 og beinin sem tengjast \u00fev\u00ed mynda svokalla\u00f0 \u201etungubeins-apparatus\u201c (hyoid apparatus).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

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Tungubeini\u00f0 tengist barka og barkak\u00fdli. (Heimild: Large Animal Osteology Of The Head And Neck\/Angela Franks)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vi\u00f0 mennirnir erum einnig me\u00f0 tungubein (stundum kalla\u00f0 m\u00e1lbein) en \u00f3l\u00edkt hestinum \u00fe\u00e1 er okkar meira skeifulaga.<\/p>\n

Tungubeini\u00f0 getur haft t\u00f6luver\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hreyfingar hestsins. Eins og fram hefur komi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 tengist tunga hestsins tungubeininu og ef h\u00f6fu\u00f0 hestsins er \u00f3e\u00f0lilega sveigt miki\u00f0 undir bita (\u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 l\u00f3\u00f0l\u00ednu) veldur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tungan dregst upp. \u00deetta hefur \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 munnur hestsins spennist upp og \u00f6ndunarlei\u00f0 \u00ferengist og hesturinn \u00e1 erfi\u00f0ara me\u00f0 e\u00f0 anda.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"
Svokalla\u00f0 \u201erollkur\u201c er algengt \u00ed klass\u00edskum rei\u00f0st\u00edl. \u00dearna er h\u00f6fu\u00f0 hestsins ofsveigt undir bitann og gott d\u00e6mi um st\u00f6\u00f0u sem \u00ferengir a\u00f0 \u00f6ndun hestsins og veldur gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegu \u00e1lagi \u00e1 h\u00e1lshryggjarli\u00f0i og yfirl\u00ednuli\u00f0bandi\u00f0 (ligament nuchae).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Um 10 v\u00f6\u00f0var tengjast tungubeininu. \u00deessir v\u00f6\u00f0var mynda me\u00f0al annars undirl\u00ednu h\u00e1lsins og hafa mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hreyfingar \u00ed framparti hestsins. Hestur sem spennir kj\u00e1lkana getur \u00e1tt \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 gn\u00edsta t\u00f6nnum, leggjast \u00e1 taum, r\u00falla h\u00f6f\u00f0inu e\u00f0a kasta til h\u00f6f\u00f0i. Hestar anda einungis \u00ed gegnum nefi\u00f0 og ef loftfl\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er skert kemur \u00fea\u00f0 kl\u00e1rlega ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 frammist\u00f6\u00f0u hestsins og veldur miklum \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gindum fyrir hann.<\/p>\n

Tunguvandam\u00e1l er yfirleitt alltaf h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 rekja til tungubeinsins og kj\u00e1lkali\u00f0arins (TMJ-Tempo-mandibular joint).<\/p>\n

Eftirfarandi v\u00f6\u00f0var eru d\u00e6mi um v\u00f6\u00f0va sem tengjast tungubeins-apparatus:\u00a0m. Geniohyoideus,\u00a0m. Genioglossus,\u00a0m. Sternohyoid,\u00a0m. Omohyoideus,\u00a0m. Thyrohyoideus,\u00a0m. Hyoglossus og\u00a0m. Styloglossus.<\/p>\n

Ef vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0um nokkra v\u00f6\u00f0va \u00ed \u00feessu samhengi n\u00e1nar sj\u00e1um vi\u00f0 hvernig \u00feessir v\u00f6\u00f0var hafa \u00e1hrif. M. Omohyoid-v\u00f6\u00f0vinn \u00e1 uppruna sinn fr\u00e1 her\u00f0abla\u00f0inu, n\u00e1l\u00e6gt axlarli\u00f0 hestsins og festir \u00ed tungubeins-str\u00fakturinn (bashyoid). Hlutverk hans er a\u00f0 draga tunguna aftur til a\u00f0 au\u00f0velda hestinum a\u00f0 kyngja. Spenna \u00ed \u00feessum v\u00f6\u00f0va heftir einnig hreyfingar her\u00f0anna. M. Sternohyoid-v\u00f6\u00f0vinn tengir tungubeini\u00f0 vi\u00f0 brj\u00f3stbein hestsins. Hlutverk hans er a\u00f0 draga tungubeini\u00f0 aftur. M. Sternothyroid-v\u00f6\u00f0vinn \u00e1 uppruna sinn \u00e1 brj\u00f3stbeini og festir \u00e1 skjaldkyrtilsbrj\u00f3ski. Hlutverk hans er a\u00f0 draga barkak\u00fdli\u00f0 aftur. \u00deessir v\u00f6\u00f0var tengjast a\u00f0 lokum allir kvi\u00f0v\u00f6\u00f0vunum a\u00f0 einu e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti. \u00deessi v\u00f6\u00f0vake\u00f0ja liggur svo \u00ed gegnum maga- og kvi\u00f0v\u00f6\u00f0va hestsins og aftur a\u00f0 mja\u00f0magrind og myndar tengingu \u00e1 milli afturf\u00f3ta og \u00ed munn hestsins.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Omohyoid-v\u00f6\u00f0vinn tengir her\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 tungubeini\u00f0. (Heimild: Temporo-mandibular joint pain-Hyoid muscles as the source\/ Kerry J. Ridgway.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sternohyoid og Sternothyroid tengja brj\u00f3stbein vi\u00f0 tungubeins-apparatus. (Heimild: Temporo-mandibular joint pain-Hyoid muscles as the source\/ Kerry J. Ridgway.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6ll spenna \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i tungubeinsins myndar spennu \u00ed her\u00f0um sem getur haft \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 hesturinn byrjar a\u00f0 stytta skref. Hart taumhald, of \u00fer\u00f6ng nefb\u00f6nd, skarpar tennur og svo framvegis getur orsaka\u00f0 spennu \u00e1 \u00feessu sv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Sm\u00e1ir v\u00f6\u00f0var tengja tungubeini\u00f0 einnig vi\u00f0 hnakka hestsins. Vi\u00f0 hnakkann tengist svo yfirl\u00ednuli\u00f0bandi\u00f0 (Ligament Nuchae) sem svo festir \u00ed Supraspinatus li\u00f0bandi\u00f0 sem n\u00e6r alveg aftur a\u00f0 sterti. \u00dear af lei\u00f0ir spenna fr\u00e1 tungubeininu einnig \u00ed yfirl\u00ednu, bakv\u00f6\u00f0va og afturpart hestsins.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Myndin s\u00fdnir v\u00f6\u00f0vake\u00f0ju undirl\u00ednu og v\u00f6\u00f0vake\u00f0ju yfirl\u00ednu hestsins. Svo vir\u00f0ist sem n\u00e6r allt kerfi\u00f0 tengist tungubeini hestsins \u00e1 einn e\u00f0a annan h\u00e1tt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Saman me\u00f0 kvi\u00f0v\u00f6\u00f0vum, brj\u00f3sthryggsv\u00f6\u00f0vum og bakv\u00f6\u00f0vum hefur \u00feetta allt \u00e1hrif \u00e1 getu hestsins til a\u00f0 safna s\u00e9r \u00fear sem hesturinn \u00fearf a\u00f0 lyfta upp her\u00f0akambi og ne\u00f0stu h\u00e1lshryggjarli\u00f0um, teygja sig fram og lyfta baki.<\/p>\n

\"\"
H\u00e9r s\u00e9st li\u00f0band yfirl\u00ednunnar (Nuchal Ligamen)t ofbeygt og spennt \u00feegar h\u00f6fu\u00f0 hestsins er \u00fevinga\u00f0 undir bita (efri mynd) (Heimild: False Collection & Evasions. Relative vs. Absolute Elevation).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Li\u00f0band yfirl\u00ednunnar umlykur einnig h\u00e1lshryggjarli\u00f0ina \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e9tt a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 getur valdi\u00f0 mikilli spennu \u00e1 hnakkasv\u00e6\u00f0inu, b\u00f3lgumyndun, \u00f3venjulegum beinvexti og li\u00f0bandi\u00f0 st\u00edfnar upp og missir teygjanleika sinn.<\/p>\n

Og hva\u00f0? Hvernig hefur \u00feetta svo allt \u00e1hrif \u00e1 t\u00f6ltarana okkar?\u00a0\u00d6ll viljum vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1 t\u00f6lt sem er l\u00e9tt og a\u00f0 hesturinn fer\u00f0ist \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi, me\u00f0 sterka og virka yfirl\u00ednu og virkan afturpart. Vi\u00f0 viljum sj\u00e1 hreyfingar frampartsins l\u00e9ttar og frj\u00e1lsar.\u00a0 En til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00feessu \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fearf her\u00f0akamburinn a\u00f0 vera opinn, kvi\u00f0- og brj\u00f3sthryggsv\u00f6\u00f0var ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 geta lyft b\u00faki \u00e1 milli her\u00f0abla\u00f0anna og hreyfingar \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera frj\u00e1lsar \u00ed her\u00f0um. Spenna \u00ed li\u00f0bandi yfirl\u00ednunnar veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skref afturf\u00f3tanna styttast og \u00fear me\u00f0 myndast spenna \u00ed h\u00e1lsi. \u00deetta er einmitt \u00fea\u00f0 sem gerist \u00feegar hestur er settur \u00ed \u201e\u00fejappa\u00f0an\u201c h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0. Ekki bara myndar \u00fea\u00f0 spennu \u00ed afturparti og styttir afturf\u00f3taskrefin og \u00fear me\u00f0 fl\u00e6\u00f0i og hreyfingar heldur myndar \u00fea\u00f0 einnig g\u00edfurlega spennu \u00e1 li\u00f0b\u00f6nd og v\u00f6\u00f0va h\u00e1lsins og yfirl\u00ednunnar. \u00deetta hefur svo einnig mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00f6ndun og s\u00farefnisfl\u00e6\u00f0i til hestsins.<\/p>\n

Eflaust er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nefna \u00fdmislegt anna\u00f0 sem getur haft og hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hreyfingar hestsins og hva\u00f0 gerist ef eitthva\u00f0 er ekki \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi, en vi\u00f0 l\u00e1tum \u00feetta duga \u00ed bili me\u00f0 von um a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk hafi gagn af.<\/p>\n

K\u00e6r kve\u00f0ja,
\nAu\u00f0ur Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir hestanuddari og -sj\u00fakra\u00fej\u00e1lfari hj\u00e1 Hestanudd og heilsa.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eHestur er mj\u00f6g eftirgefanlegur \u00ed h\u00e1lsi, en sveigir h\u00e1lsinn of n\u00e6rri her\u00f0um og kemur \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00ed of dj\u00fapan h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0, e\u00f0a eins og kalla\u00f0 er fer \u00e1 bakvi\u00f0 l\u00f3\u00f0l\u00ednu. \u00deessi galli \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0bur\u00f0i kallar \u00e1 of mikla spennu \u00ed her\u00f0um og baki, og heftir e\u00f0lilega hreyfingu her\u00f0abla\u00f0a og b\u00f3ga. Fj\u00f6\u00f0run \u00ed baki ver\u00f0ur l\u00edtil e\u00f0a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":842,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,15,20],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=816"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":878,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions\/878"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/842"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hestamennska.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}